The conflict between Muslims and Christian Filipinos was exacerbated in 1965 with the Jabidah Massacre, in which Muslim soldiers were allegedly eliminated because they refused to invade Sabah. The main space is the sleeping area, which doubles as a living and working area in the morning. Gowing, Peter G., and Robert D. McAmis, eds. 2002. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY : A. In the two years of martial law, various human rights abuses were documented: 162 cases of extrajudicial killings, 704 fabricated charges, 284 illegal arrests and detentions, 1,007 victims of aerial bombardments, and over 500,000 residents displaced in Mindanao and Sulu (Vera Files 2020). The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was situated in mainland Mindanao in the southern Philippines and was created by virtue of the Republic Act No. patient payment services; ibew local 47 traffic control wages; The finer the patterns and the more subdued the colors, the higher the price. [1] However, the move to Parang was never made. The national system has had varied effects on the traditional political structure. However, the victory did not establish Spanish sovereignty over Sulu because the Tausug abrogated the treaty as soon as the Spaniards had left. Each sleeping space also serves as the familys living room, working space, and dining room. On Eid-el-Adha (day of sacrifice), every pilgrim who can afford it must sacrifice an animal to reenact the event. A resident theater company of MSU-Marawi is the multi-awarded Sining Kambayoka that received in 1997 the Gawad CCP para sa Sining for their cultural contributions to the region. The duck flies off but does not return with the promised water. [17][1][full citation needed], The people of the Bangsamoro region, including Muslims and non-Muslims, have a culture that revolves around kulintang music, a specific type of gong music, found among both Muslim and non-Muslim groups of the Southern Philippines. In 2013, Maimbung was officially designated as the royal capital of the Sultanate of Sulu by the remaining members of the Sulu royal family.[36][37][38]. Kapangokir (carving) can be found in different media, such as wood, stone, bamboo, horn, and ivory. The entire kingdom then sank into what is now Lake Lanao. The most popular of these animal characters is the monkey, who can transform himself into a handsome prince. 1974. . It is at once a hero and a villain, bridging two worlds: the natural and the supernatural, the human and the nonhuman, the cheater and the cheated, the fool and the sage. The act also granted the state the right to confer land ownership. At present, the only remaining habitable Maranao torogan, built by Sultan sa Kawayan Makaantal during the American occupation of the Philippines, can be found in Bubung Malanding, Marantao, Lanao del Sur. imported from Wikimedia project. [8][9], ARMM was nominally disestablished after the ratification of BOL and will be effectively replaced by the BARMM upon the constitution of the Bangsamoro Transition Authority, an interim government for the region. Once, there was no Lake Lanao. Canadian authorities note that members of the group espouse misogynistic, Islamophobic, antisemitic, anti-immigrant, and/or white-supremacist ideologies and associate with other white-supremacist groups. It is the only region that has its own government. what are the similarities of luzon, visayas and mindanao what are the similarities of luzon, visayas and mindanao The Muslim Filipinos and Islam. Mindanao Journal 3 (October-Deccember): 45-58. Cheap electric power is provided by Maria Cristina Falls, the water source of which is Lake Lanao, 30 kilometers away. Mga ida-ida wata (childrens songs) are also part of the vocal music repertoire. A new law, Republic Act No. Folk Baskets. In Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, edited by Alfredo Roces, vol. De los Reyes, Roberto A. 1976, 71-72). Before Islam, the Maranao were organized into independent and kinship-based political units called barangay. A two-part plebiscite on January 21 and February 1 resulted in the ratification of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) with territorial jurisdiction in Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Marawi City, Lamitan City, Cotabato City, and 63 barangays in six North Cotabato towns (Arguillas 2019). Modern Maranao rice farmers are mindful of keeping rice seeds separate from houses with pregnant women or dead persons. Provisions were made, however, to allow Muslims time to comply with the new restrictions. . However, the creation of this council and its Lake Lanao Watershed Protection Plan have not substantially resolved the management issues in Lake Lanao. The referendum was boycotted by the Muslims themselves. Another festival is Kaamulan festival in Bukidnon. a lot came to be known and rooted from their pre-coloniainl past and still lives to this day. The shape is formed by pressing the substance around a wooden model, after which the mold is removed. Yoshitaka Terada of the National Museum of Ethnology in Osaka, Japan, and Maranao scholar Usopay Cadar filmed these two documentaries in 2008, in villages around Lake Lanao and in Baguio, where a Maranao migrant community resides (Terada 2013, 95). The melodies represent several themes, among them the palagoy ka saladung (run deer run), kapromayas (a place), mamayog (love), sinolog (from Sulu), kasegorongan (characterized by a rising and falling melody), kapmagarib (sunset), katitik panday, derived from tintik (beating), and panday (creative). At the behest of younger Maranao farmers, elders may recite a prayer to drive away rats: Assalamoalaikom ko elaw, leyawaw ka di mamin, lontoka di malungan, patre ka badan kumbang ka o neyawa (May Allah be with the seeds and may there be good harvest) (Dimaporo and Fernandez 2007, 77-78). Until mid-2021, the Maranao of Marawi City were still busy recovering from the losses, trauma, and distress brought about by the siege (Gotinga 2021). This is the main reason why the autonomous region of Muslim Mindanao (Armm) revealed to the public its grandest mock village exhibit that demonstrates the . It was the only region that had its own government. Hell is a deep, dirty, and dark abode for sinners. It is possible for a prestigious person of one agama to have only the privileges and obligations of a slave in another. Instead there was the sultanate of Mantapoli, which, under the reign of Sultan Abdara Radawi, the great grandfather of Raja Indarapatra, expanded its power and population. The lumad (indigenous peoples) and their ancestral lands proved to be the most vulnerable during the imposition of martial law. Recognizing this problem, the national government under the administration of President Corazon Aquino created the Lake Lanao Watershed Protection and Development Council in 1992. In 2012, the FDCP opened the Marawi Cinematheque in Pacasum Square, Marawi City. http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2008/october2008/183591.htm. It begins with the kingdom of Diwata Ndaw Gibon, who was at that time still a bachelor. An autonomous region of the Philippines, located in the Mindanao island group of the Philippines, that consisted of five predominantly Muslim provinces: Basilan (except Isabela City), Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. 1975. The agreement was a mutual nonaggression pact, which obligated the Americans to recognize the authority of the Sultan and other chiefs, who, in turn, agreed to fight piracy and crimes against Christians. These include the kadaolat sa miyatai, literally invitation to the dead, a rite performed seven days after the death of a Maranao; the kapamangangai sa tonong (inviting the spirits), which attends various occasions such as deciding to become a farmer, protecting ones rice or corn fields, or revenge; the katao (amulets); kaapar, which dictates the offering of newly harvested rice to the spirits before it is eaten; saitan (spirits of the balete tree); invisible beings, such as apo (tornado spirits), sakit (illness-causing spirits), and inikadowa (counter ego). A plebiscite was held on November 1989 to determine the provinces that would comprise the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). 0 references. These and other factors contributed to Muslim resistance that took 10 years to pacify.. President Fidel V. Ramos further strengthened the council by prescribing measures to protect Lake Lanao. Notched bamboo poles serve as the stairs, which are placed at the front and back of the house. It is the second and most popular episode in the epic. Manila: Lahing Pilipino Publishing Inc. Gowing, Peter G. 1983. former administrative territorial entity. In 1635, Captain Juan de Chaves occupied Zamboanga and erected a fort. The earliest Maranao historical records, found in the salsila (oral traditions), are about the Kingdom of Bumbaran, from where came the ancestors of the present-day Maranao. In 1639, Corcuera sent Captain Francisco de Atienza and Father Agustin de San Pedro to explore Lanao. One reason for the kambitiara is to make public the noble lineages of both families, and hence to affirm that both are of the same class. In his plan, ARMM, along with the areas that voted to be included in ARMM in 2001, plus Isabela City and Cotabato City, will become part of a federal state. Primary colors are preferred. The widowed line flooring of the house is of split bamboo tied with rattan. With magic words, she has one of her leper slaves enter a statue of a golden bird that she has made. Yabes, Criselda. The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand. It was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that the Sultanate of Sulu formally recognized Spanish suzerainty, but these areas remained loosely controlled by the Spanish as their sovereignty was limited to military stations and garrisons and pockets of civilian settlements in Zamboanga and Cotabato,[14] until they had to abandon the region as a consequence of their defeat in the SpanishAmerican War. Finally, he gets his shining kampilan, which is as blinding as the sun when it glitters. Its primary objective when it was founded in 1974 was the inclusion of Mindanao theater traditions in mainstream consciousness and its concerns were national in scope (Rivera 1994, 401). Personal communication, 23 January. 1. Groups usually found in the uplands include the Tboli, Subanon, Bukidnon, Bagobo, Mandaya, and Manobo. The turbulent conditions of Lanao del Sur prevented the two documentaries from being shown for the first time in the Mindanao villages where these had been filmed. The price is determined by the size, workmanship, and patterns used. From 1998 to 2007, voters in five towns of Lanao del Sur could not cast their votes in regular election days because of failure of elections. 1977. This event is reenacted as one of the rites performed during the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. They bear him several daughters, and the family members live harmoniously. A modern adaptation of the Darangen is the Philippine Ballet Theaters Darangen ni Bantugen. From 1996 to 1998, during the administration of former President Fidel Ramos, several agreements between the Philippine government and the MILF were signed, including an agreement on cessation of hostilities in July 1997 and a general framework agreement of intent on August 1998. The best examples of wood carving are done for the panolong, arko (arches), musical instruments like the kudyapi (lute), lansa (motor outboards), house tools, kitchen utensils, agricultural implements, and grave markers. Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House. This larger organization of hamlets is the effective political community, and its strong federal system serves to unite the four Maranao pengampong (states or encampments)Bayabao, Masiu, Unayan, and Balo-iinto the pat-a-pengampong ko ranao under the taritib (ancient order of customs, traditions, and usages observed in the community). In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. A weak formal system of justice and the proliferation of firearms further contribute to the outbreak and escalation of rido-related violence. http://www.clickthecity.com/events/details. Called the Moro Wars, these battles were waged intermittently from 1578 between the Spanish colonial government and the Muslims of Mindanao. Caraga State University (Northern Mindanao State Institute of Science and Technology) P.3: Surigao del Sur State University (Surigao del Sur Polytechnic State College) P.4: Surigao State College of Technology: Q. The Maulud-en-Nabi is celebrated on Rabi-al-Aw-wal, the 12th night of the third lunar calendar. [5], On October 7, 2012, President Benigno Aquino III said that the government aimed to have peace in the autonomous region and that it would become known as the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region,[6] a compound of bangsa (nation) and Moro. COTABATO CITY - The Ministry of Health in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (MOH-BARMM) will construct 100 barangay health stations (BHS) across the region this year to boost health services. Mosque in the Philippines. During World War II, the Muslims in general supported the fight against the Japanese, who were less tolerant and harsher to them than the Manila government. In 2013, it swept major awards in the Student Category of the 5th Cinemagis Digital Short Film Festival at the Xavier University in Cagayan de Oro City, which was sponsored by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Cagayan De Oro City: Xavier University. Every agama is organized into two or more bangsa (ambilineal descent lines), each of which owns at least one hereditary title. The island has a marsh-game refuge and bird sanctuary. AUTONOMOUS REGION IN MUSLIM MINDANAO FESTIVALS ALIWAN FESTIVAL An Annual festival held at Star City Complex, Pasay City. Aside from the Quran, other Islamic sources of law include the Sunnah or Haddith, literally, a way, rule, or manner of acting, which recounts the deeds and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad; and the ijma and iftinad, a revisable collection of the opinions of Islamic jurists. There are three methods of brass making: the batak (hammering process); garaoang or kapanabas (cut-out process); and the kapanowang (casting process). From Zamboanga he turned his forces against the different kota in Marawi. These development efforts resulted in discontent, which found expression in the various armed uprisings, mostly in Lanao, from 1936 to 1941. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Trade is conducted through the lake, thus avoiding major land transport problems. Okir designs are done with the strip method. Baradas, David B. Bangsamoro Commission for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage - BARMM Hun 2022 - Kasalukuyan 10 buwan. Several expeditions sent by the Spanish authorities suffered defeat. The Mindanao Programme Development and Coordination Support reports to the Assistant FAOR for Programme. 20 created a Regional Autonomous Government in the Western and Central Mindanao regions.[17]. Baptismal rites consist of an imam holding the baby while doing the azan (Muslim call to prayer). The government peace deal with the MNLF, which had led to the creation of the ARMM, did not lead to lasting peace as was hoped. However, this practice is slowly becoming unpopular (Isidro 1976, 46-52). Cotton, ramie (a fibre plant), coffee, and cacao are also grown. Karim assures him that Marawi, like any other place, has its good and bad elements. Moses then tells him to return and to ask God that the number of prayers be reduced from 50 to five times daily. Three stones must be thrown at a specific place where Satan is believed to have stayed. "ARMM" redirects here. According to BPDA Director-General Engr. Two types of Islamic-inspired literature are the salsila and the religious quiza (stories of a moral nature). But behind this thing, only authentic Maranaw fellow can properly pronounce it. 4, 779-84. Updates? At the height of the war, the hero is not able to see his enemies; hence, he depends only on the sound of the rattling shields. This ritual, performed just before dawn, seeks a bountiful harvest from the benevolent spirits. what are the similarities of luzon, visayas and mindanao. Dimaampao goes on alone and settles in Unayan, so called because of a tree that has imprisoned his bride. In 1935, two Muslims were elected to the National Assembly. The bird flies to the kingdom of Mantapoli and destroys all its trees, including those in the garden of the sultan. December 16, 2023 to January 1, 2024. This gesture is considered an act of respect for the lakes ancestral spirits, who are believed to protect the child. The most innovative malong makes use of the sewing machine. The film received a Special Jury Prize at the 3rd Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival in 2007. Determine the diverse cultural customs, traditions and beliefs. In Maranao stories, birds, shrimps, and sparrows often play the protagonists. Brothers Omarkhayam and Abdullah Maute, members of an influential political Maranao clan in Butig, were believed to be ISIS recruiters in Lanao del Sur who had been radicalized during their studies in Indonesia and Jordan. Mindanao, the second largest among the three islands and the southernmost part of the Philippines, is a main contributor of the country's GDP in terms of agriculture, fishing, forestry, etc. Muslim Brassware. One very popular dance whose origin is unclear is the royal bamboo dance called singkil. Kaganat sa darangen, literally to stand from the darangen, is an attempt by the performer to interpret and reenact, in song and dance, the journey of Prince Lomna to propose marriage in behalf of his father Bantingen. Some claim that the dance is derived from one of the episodes of the Darangen. Cabrera, Ferdinandh and Violeta M. Gloria. Volume 4 of Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, edited by Alfredo Roces, 849-853. At the time when most of the Philippines was under Spanish rule, these sultanates maintained their independence and regularly challenged Spanish domination of the Philippines by conducting raids on Spanish coastal towns in the north and repulsing repeated Spanish incursions in their territory. The kambitiara can also be recited to praise and extol both families. . The Maranao employ a modified wax-mold method for kapanowang. Art in Maranao Life. In Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation, edited by Alfredo Roces, vol. 1976. Lake Lanao is the single most important source of livelihood for the Maranao. The Spaniards later realized this and in 1848 employed their navy to assist their ground forces. A new law, the Bangsamoro Basic Law, would govern the creation of this new entity. Many other Maranao torogan have decayed or collapsed, including what could have been its finest example, which used to stand in the municipality of Ganassi, also in Lanao del Sur. Pulembonan is done for seven straight days during ashar (the prayer time during late afternoons when Allah grants most wishes). And so what had been Mantapoli became Lake Lanao. Directed by MSU-IIT (Iligan Institute of Technology) alumna Krissza Mari Campano, the film received multiple awards from the 2012 MSU-IIT Institute for Peace Development in Mindanao (IPDM). 2013. The region has been the traditional homeland of Muslim Filipinos since the 15th century, even before the arrival of the Spanish, who began to colonize most of the Philippines in 1565. Matrimonial negotiations often take a long time because of these exchanges. A panday (midwife) is called to check on these observations. Corrections? Ashes are applied to the cut portion to stop the bleeding. Later, believing that the soul of the dead person has accepted the invitation, the chanters carry the chair to the bereaved familys house. Marawi City: MSU University Research Center. Covered with a riyara (woven mat), rice-stalk bundles serve as bed mattresses, the head and foot of which are laid out with pillows. Angels occupy the sky, which is likewise seven-layered; heaven is found on the final layer. Maranao leadership had been politically affiliated with the Maguindanao until after the decline of the latters power. Pre-Islamic literature consists of the antoka (riddles), pananaroon (proverbs), tubad-tubad (short love poems), verses recited during kandaonga (courtship), tutul (folktales), Pilandok tales, and the epics Darangen and Raja Indarapatra. The battle ensued with hundreds of civilian residents unable to flee from Marawi City for safety. In 1942, during the early stages of the Pacific War of the Second World War, troops of the Japanese Imperial Forces invaded and overran Mindanao, and the native Moro Muslims waged an insurgency against the Japanese. Mindanao also has the largest concentration of ethnic minorities in the Philippines. Its capital is the Municipality of Bongao. Manila: The Presidential Commission for the Rehabilitation and Development of Southern Philippines. In 1579, an expedition sent by Governor Francisco de Sande failed to conquer Maguindanao. The Maranao and the Maguindanao are famous for their brassware. . Unlike other ethnic groups, Maranao dancers do not smile because that would be a form of flirtation, which is frowned upon in the culture. In a referendum held that same year, four provinces voted for inclusion in ARMM: Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, and Lanao del Sur, excluding Marawi City. A peace treaty was forged. [7] On July 26, 2018, Aquino's successor, President Rodrigo Duterte, signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL), which paved the way for the establishment of a new autonomous political entity in the area, the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). Basic okir motifs are the (1) birdo, the motif of growing vines or crawling plants, often etched on a horizontal rectangular panel, but also on the vertical or oblique; (2) magoyada, the motif dominated by the naga or serpent figure, and complemented by other leaf motifs; (3) pako rabong, the motif of a fern growing in an upward direction, usually from a central point where all other designs emanate; (4) niaga, the motif dominated by the naga plus leaves, vines, and flowers; (5) armalis, the motif combining designs of fern, leaf, and a bud; (6) obid-obid or tiali-tali, the coiled ropelike motif often used as border designs on practically all compositions; (7) potiok, the bud motif; (8) matilak, the circle motif; (9) dapal, the leaf motif; (10) todi, the flower motif; (11) saragonting, the cross-like motif; (12) binitoon, the star-like motif; (13) pinatola, the adjacent squares motif; (14) biangon, the rectangle motif; (15) pinagapat, the motif consisting of any four-sided design in series; (16) olan-olan, the artificial moon motif; (17) pialang, the square motif; and (18) katiambang, the diamond motif. The Maranao. Photographs by Joseph R. Fortin and John K. Chua. In the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), the Maranao comprise 26.4% of the total population, making it the largest of the Islamic groups in the ARMM. June 25, 2018. The Islamic aversion to realistic representations of human or animal forms has resulted in nature being abstracted into sophisticated symbolic forms. 1985. The ritual involves various rites similar to those found in the kashawing. On the seventh day after the death of a Maranao, four to six padidikir (chanters) are called to perform the kadaolat sa miatai (invitation to the dead). Presidential Commission for the Rehabilitation and Development of Southern Philippines.1980. Radia Indarapatra: A Study of Maranao Folk Narrative. MA thesis, University of the Philippines. The kindest is the deer. . It is the only region that has its own government. The Constitution adopted in 1987 provided for politically autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordillera, then two regions perceived as having requested such autonomy, Muslim Mindanao by virtue of the Tripoli Agreement, and the Cordillera by virtue of the CPA's lobbying effort (Rood 1991:519). http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/data/fullterm2012/Report. start time. Each layer of heaven has a different color and is guarded by an angel. The hero, Raja Indarapatra, has two sons by Karibang, a water nymph. A House in Pieces premiered at the DaangDokyu Film Festival in October 2020 and won the Golden Hercules Award from the Kasseler Dokfest in Germany (Veric 2020). The film also depicts how various sociopolitical institutions have failed to provide not just the rebuilding of material structures wrought by the war in Marawi City, but also the emotional and mental support that the evacuees need. One example of this last type is the kadaolat sa miatai. The Maranao comprise 36% of the population in the province of Lanao del Norte outside of Iligan City. 2016. The actual holder of the major title is considered the representative of the bangsa. Retrieved 31 May 2021, https://www.rappler.com/nation/mamasapano-pnp-saf-milf-clash. Daru Jambangan (Palace of Flowers) in Maimbung, Sulu before it was destroyed by a typhoon in 1932. In crossing Lake Lanao for the first time with the child, the parents must drop a coin or any metal object into the lake. A very small replica of the palace was made in a nearby town in the 2010s, but it was noted that the replica does not mean that the campaign to reconstruct the palace in Maimbung has stopped as the replica does not manifest the true essence of a Sulu royal palace. There are at least seven radio stations that are based in Marawi City, although most are currently inactive most likely because of the Marawi siege. The carabao is used for work and food. php?id=8387. Regional officials had a fixed term of three years, which could be extended by an act of Congress. When the hero removes his kampilan halfway from its scabbard, half of his enemies are killed. The lion laughs in disbelief, so the dog takes the lion to the pools of clear water, which, he claims, are the lions prisons. http://www.opapp.gov.ph/milf/. 1974. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Lake Lanao: Its Past and Present Status. In Conservation and Ecological Management of Philippine Lakes in Relation to Fisheries and Aquaculture, edited by CB Santiago, ML Cuvin-Aralar and ZU Basiao, 29-39. Darangen is basically a genealogical account, highlighting the adventures of prominent figures even as it weaves in moral values and traditions. 19th century illustration of a lanong, the main warships used by the Iranun and Banguingui people. The sultan does not return, and Pilandok rules the kingdom for many years. When Corazon C. Aquino became president, a new constitution, which provided for the creation of autonomous regions in Mindanao and the Cordilleras, was ratified. MSU-Marawi is also host to the dance group Darangan Cultural Dance Troupe founded by dancer, trainer, and professor Henrietta Ele in 1966. However, investments have been limited to small-scale enterprises, which have had very little impact on the regions economy (Wallace 2003, 7). The study of the salsila is usually reserved for the maongangun (wise men and women). How the Angels Built Lake Lanao. In The Maranao, edited by Mamitua Saber and Adbullah Madale. In the singkil dance, the clashing shields represent the rocks, and the clapping bamboos represent the stones. Saber, Mamitua. Here is an example (Madale 1976): Kanogon si kanogon na kanogon ni ladan ko, A pukurasai mamikir a ana palandong a dar, Na di akun mapukangud a bologong ko sa gugao, Bangkadun tatangkudun i papanok ka sa nori. )=x=x=x=x=Note :lIt maybe the intention of the original writer to conceal something in this beautiful literary piece. The other does not reveal himself and becomes the ancestor of all unseen spirits that the Maranao invoke. The texts are essentially childrens rhymes, as in A. Madales (1975) example: Of multicolored snakes and striped crocodiles. His kingdom is Bumbaran. Schedule of Philippine Festivals in 2023. Performance & security by Cloudflare. This was done, and the outlet is the present Agus River. Some of the animals that populate Maranao fables are the dog, the cat, the monkey, the deer, the fox, the heron, and the lion. However, it should be noted that in the near future the likelihood of armed clashes,. During the 1960s and 1970s, the green revolution, which introduced science and technology to crop production, had an immense impact on the Maranao, particularly on rice farmers.
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