Different levels of income tax revenue per capita,% of labor force in manufacturing and services, and incomes of male elementary school teachers. Cities that had higher numbers of students enrolled in heterodox universities and lower numbers enrolled in orthodox universities were more likely to adopt Protestantism. In 1588, the Bishop of Llandaff published the entire Bible in the Welsh language. [38], The following supply-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], The following demand-side factors have been identified as causes of the Reformation:[39], A 2020 study linked the spread of Protestantism to personal ties to Luther (e.g. Executions ceased in 1661 when King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. [66], Bishop Richard Davies and dissident Protestant cleric John Penry introduced Calvinist theology to Wales. Molinism presented a soteriology similar to Protestants within the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation foundations engaged with Augustinianism. Their descendants are still there, such as the Sub-Carpathian Reformed Church. The context of the Reformation was the strange state of the Catholic Church as of the late fifteenth century. Witch trials became more common in regions or other jurisdictions where Protestants and Catholics contested the religious market. Ottoman incursions decreased conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, helping the Reformation take root. The citizens of Geneva became Protestant in the course of declaring independence from the town's lords, the local bishop and the Catholic Dukes of Savoy. His wife, Catherine of Aragon, bore him only a single child who survived infancy, Mary. For these intellectuals, the historical quest was thus part of a quest to locate national interests within the broader political and religious changes that took place in Europe, and in Germany in particular. The Counter-Reformation Movement While the Protestants largely removed public art from religion and moved towards a more "secular" style of art, embracing the concept of glorifying God through depictions of nature, the Counter-Reformation Catholic Church promoted art with "sacred" or religious content. Each state which turned Protestant had their own reformers who contributed towards the Evangelical faith. Choose one of these movements and discuss the influence of political, spiritual, or cultural aspects of the movement as well as any subsequent strife (warfare and other forms of violence). Lower gender gap in school enrollment and literacy rates. During the 1520s, the Spanish Inquisition had created an atmosphere of suspicion and sought to root out any religious thought seen as suspicious. Omissions? Motivating factors in their decision to adopt aspects of the Reformation included the historical rivalry and mistrust between the Greek Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches along with their concerns of Jesuit priests entering Greek lands in their attempts to propagate the teachings of the Counter-Reformation to the Greek populace. This challenge to Papal supremacy resulted in a breach with the Roman Catholic Church. The Augustinianism of the Reformers struggled against Pelagianism, a heresy that they perceived in the Catholic Church of their day. This document outlined Luther's grievances with the Catholic Church, including their sale of indulgences, their corruption, and their lack of scriptural authority. This "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Reformation-Causes-and-Effects. The English Reformation followed a different course from the Reformation in continental Europe. An English king had a disagreement with the pope. Hussites made up the vast majority of the population, forcing the Council of Basel to recognize in 1437 a system of two "religions" for the first time, signing the Compacts of Basel for the kingdom (Catholic and Czech Ultraquism a Hussite movement). The movement is also labeled the Catholic Reformation and the Catholic renaissance, since elements of Catholic reform and revival predated . The Counter-Reformation was the label for the Roman Catholic revival of the sixteenth century. Sascha O. Becker, Steven Pfaff and Jared Rubin. The Counter-Reformation The Church initially ignored Martin Luther, but Luther's ideas (and variations of them, including Calvinism) quickly spread throughout Europe. In 1525 the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights secularised the territory, became Lutheran, and established Lutheranism as the state church. [53] In 1526, Frederick forbade papal investiture of bishops in Denmark and in 1527 ordered fees from new bishops be paid to the crown, making Frederick the head of the church of Denmark. Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve, no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God. Calvinism was popular among Hungarians who inhabited the southwestern parts of the present-day Ukraine. They condemned what they saw as Protestant errors. In the mid-1520s, a massive popular insurrection, known as the German Peasants' War and partly inspired by the Reformation, produced a variety of challenging new . Spiritual Movements. Central Europe was the site of much of the Thirty Years' War and there were continued expulsions of Protestants in Central Europe up to the 19th century. Updates? Most current estimates place the world's Protestant population in the range of 800 million to more than 1billion. The next sizable territories were the Landgraviate of Hesse (1526; at the Synod of Homberg) and the Electorate of Saxony (1527; Luther's homeland), Electoral Palatinate (1530s), and the Duchy of Wrttemberg (1534). Bagchi, David, and David C. Steinmetz, eds. Geneva. [76] Charles V did not wish to see Spain or the rest of Habsburg Europe divided, and in light of continual threat from the Ottomans, preferred to see the Roman Catholic Church reform itself from within. King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther: The Reformation before Confessionalization. Greater entrepreneurship among religious minorities in Protestant states. In general, the Reformers argued that salvation in Christianity was a completed status based on faith in Jesus alone and not a process that requires good works, as in the Catholic view. [21] Some nuns, such as Katharina von Bora and Ursula of Munsterberg, left the monastic life when they accepted the Reformation, but other orders adopted the Reformation, as Lutherans continue to have monasteries today. [citation needed], The absence of Protestants, however, does not necessarily imply a failure of the Reformation. The Reformation was a split in the Latin Christian church instigated by Luther in 1517 and evolved by many others over the next decadea campaign that created and introduced a new approach to Christian faith called ' Protestantism .' As the number of Protestants in France increased, the number of heretics in prisons awaiting trial also grew. Regions that were poor but had great economic potential and bad political institutions were more likely to adopt Protestantism. Under the reign of Frederick I (152333), Denmark remained officially Catholic. The king was given possession of all church property, church appointments required royal approval, the clergy were subject to the civil law, and the "pure Word of God" was to be preached in the churches and taught in the schoolseffectively granting official sanction to Lutheran ideas. Both Luther and Calvin thought along lines linked with the theological teachings of Augustine of Hippo. 270286, Atkinson Fitzgerald "Printing, Reformation and Information Control". In the Ruthenian lands (predominately modern day Belarus & Ukraine) the Orthodox Church also undertook a similar strategy. However, a number of factors complicated the adoption of the religious innovations in Ireland; the majority of the population there adhered to the Catholic Church. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation developed radical Protestant churches throughout Europe. Protestant historians have become accustomed to calling this 'reflexive or defensive movement' the 'Counter- Reformation . This period is known as the English Reformation. [88], The Reformation and Counter-Reformation era conflicts are termed the European wars of religion. Further Explanation:- The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation and known as the period when Catholic Resurgence took place and it started in the response of . [89] The Catholic House of Habsburg and its allies fought against the Protestant princes of Germany, supported at various times by Denmark, Sweden and France. The veneration of some saints, certain pilgrimages and some pilgrim shrines were also attacked. No core of Protestantism emerged. Between 1520 and 1550, printing presses in Spain were tightly controlled and any books of Protestant teaching were prohibited. [61] She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs. The desire of many people to rely only on the Bible for religious guidance and not on tradition or current teachings. In Knigsberg (now Kaliningrad), in 1530, a Polish-language edition of Luther's Small Catechism was published. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Two main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were: The treaty also effectively ended the Papacy's pan-European political power. In this act, Protestants denounced the Catholic Mass in placards that appeared across France, even reaching the royal apartments. [citation needed]. Later on, Socinus and his followers emigrated to Poland. The Kingdom of Navarre, although by the time of the Protestant Reformation a minor principality territoriality restricted to southern France, had French Huguenot monarchs, including Henry IV of France and his mother, Jeanne III of Navarre, a devout Calvinist. Beyond the reach of the French kings in Geneva, Calvin continued to take an interest in the religious affairs of his native land including the training of ministers for congregations in France. The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic reforms initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Commonwealth was unique in Europe in the 16th century for its widespread tolerance confirmed by the Warsaw Confederation. The council created a new administrative system to stop corruption and unfair practices within the Catholic Church. [59] Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. This created resentment amongst the Protestant nobility; however, the country did not experience a religiously motivated civil war. In the first decade of the Reformation, Luther's message became a movement, and the output of religious pamphlets in Germany was at its height.
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