Neurosci Lett. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Google Scholar. 2008;169:3845. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Vorobyov et al. Int J Radiat Biol. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. CAS The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Smythe JW, Costall B. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Trends Neurosci. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. PubMed BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. 2016;53:210011. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. 1984;4:285665. Dasdag et al. 2012;21:6209. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Arch Environ Health. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. 1988;9:33745. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Cobb et al. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Rev Environ Health. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. 2017;38:106976. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. 2002;5:18995. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. CAS [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;473:525. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;28:1324. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. Google Scholar. Bioelectromagnetics. Neurosci Lett. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2003;140:147. 1975;148:1723. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Bioelectromagnetics. Neurotoxicology. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. CAS Clin Neurophysiol. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. 2004;996:8996. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. PubMed Central Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Verma et al. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Bioelectromagnetics. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Brain Res. 2008;86:718. Google Scholar. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Neuroreport. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Gold PE. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA 2013;32:27380. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Neuroreport. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Interphone study group. Annu Rev Physiol. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. J Neuro. Cosquer et al. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. Specifically, the Federal Communications . Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. 2009;4:e4389. PubMed Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. 1990;39:13543. 2012;31:6774. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Dasdag et al. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. It has been reported that microwave radiation can decrease both the number and the density of dendritic spines [63]. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. 2012;35:32534. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 2006;5:389. Behav Brain Res. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Xu et al. Electromagn Biol Med. Sci STKE. 2010;28:445. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. 2013;34:26474. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Google Scholar. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 1997;44:99104. 2011;343:5224. 2015;140:23646. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. 1992;114:16202. Nat Med. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. 2014;90:2935. 2009;72:20514. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Article Electromagn Biol Med. Article Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. 2012;112:1715. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. J Mol Neurosci. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. 2011;107:35661. PubMed . Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Iran J Public Health. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . 2005;1042:1018. 1994;8:714. Privacy Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. 2013;42:428. Int J Radiat Biol. Merola et al. PubMed Central 2000;11:16413. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. 2017;52:23947. Bioelectromagnetics. CAS To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Kwon et al. Google Scholar. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Yale J Biol Med. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. 2014;70:84555. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Surg Neurol. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Othman et al. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. PLoS One. Behav Brain Res. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. 1994;15:95104. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. By using this website, you agree to our Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. PubMed Central Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Military Medical Research Acta Pharmacol Sin. 1984;11:4760. J Sleep Res. Dasdag et al. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. 2000;6:18793. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Brain Res. J Pharm Sci. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. 2007;210:63544. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. PubMed 2005;130:591600. 2012;25:1828. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 1992;49:1818. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. 2004;25:4957. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2016;25:31827. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. millimeter, or equivalently. Trends Cell Biol. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Dasdag et al. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes.
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