Which claim is best supported by the evidence included in these maps-, Nationalistic movements influenced the borders in Europe at the end of World War I, The Balkans were referred to as the' "Powder keg of Europe" in the period before WWI because of their-, Blamed jews for Germany's loss of World War I, The Nuremberg Laws were written in order to, What is an immediate result of these laws enacted by the Nazi Party--, German Jews were stripped of personal liberties and property rights, Between which two years did the number of collective farms increase the most, Which of the following events was a result of the policy illustrated in the chart-, Which claim can best be supported by this passage-, New technology made warfare more destructive, Which of the following is a result of the historical trend present in the passage-, What implications is the author trying to make in the excerpt-, the Japanese militaristic culture fostered a dehumanization Chinese civilians lives, Which best helps explain the passage in its broader historical context-, The consequences of total war tactics on civilian populations, The example of mass atrocity and genocide introduced in the passage is most similar to which of the following examples, The allied forces firebombing of German cities like Hamburg or Dresden killing thousands, Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. But the ontological argument starts, not with what we observe, but with the very idea of God and says that this idea entails that . The Founders agreed that all personsnot just citizensmust be included in the representation base for members of Congress. Thomas M. Franck Murry and Ida Becker Professor of Law Emeritus Professor Franck graduated from the University of British Columbia with a b.a. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-016-9690-2, Moral Responsibility, Alternative Possibilities, and Acting on Ones Own, Individually Sufficient and Disjunctively Necessary Conditions for Moral Responsibility, The Robustness Requirement on Alternative Possibilities, Problems with Rowlands Practical Conciliationism, How (not) to construct worlds with responsibility, In Search of the Trinity: A Dilemma for Parfits Conciliatory Project, Being and holding responsible: Reconciling the disputants through a meaning-based Strawsonian account, Lueck, Bryan: Obligation and the fact of sense, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2019, ISBN: 978 1 4744 4272 5. Russia and China are the only great nations at present which could survive a nuclear attack. In the original Frankfurt paper, Jones is written as Jones4, owing the fact that at previous points in his paper, Frankfurt had discussed other versions of Jones (Jones 13). Within ten years other countries may have nuclear bombs, each of which, weighing less than a ton, could destroy an urban area of more than ten square miles. Not to mention, the natural landscape certainly was not given priority in planning most suburban settlements. rock creek ranch bc contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. However, it need not prevent the production of radioactive elements on a scale sufficient to revolutionize the industrial, scientific and technical use of these materials, and would thus not eliminate the main benefits which nucleonics promises to bring to mankind. The aim of this paper is to present a version of the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP) which is not susceptible to the Frankfurt-style counter-example. (Frankfurt 1969, p.835)Footnote 1. Given mutual trust and willingness on all sides to give up a certain part of their sovereign rights, by admitting international control of certain phases of national economy, the control could be exercised (alternatively or simultaneously) on two different levels. In no other type of warfare does the advantage lie so heavily with the aggressor. If an international agreement is not concluded immediately after the first demonstration, this will mean a flying start toward an unlimited armaments race. Erkenntnis, 78, 10371049. The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. Her doves names are Juliette, Musetta, and Luigi. In 1923, theJournalwas incorporated in the State of New York under its present name. 25 D. Held, Models of Democracy (1996), at 353, where he makes the important distinction between forms of accountability in general and democracy in particular, which is both a form of accountability and a form He received his LL.M. If no choice of targets, with a total area of five hundred square miles of American territory, contains a large enough fraction of the nation's industry and population to make their destruction a crippling blow to the nation's war potential and its ability to defend itself, then the attack will not pay, and may not be undertaken. Finally, the twin world condition allows another aspect of the debate over the Frankfurt-style counter-examples to be side-stepped: namely, whether the sign used as an indicator of an impending decision which the counterfactual interveners uses as a marker of whether to intervene or not is sufficiently robust to count as evidence of an alternate possibility (Elzein 2013; Pereboom 2009). Then, underline twice the verb in parentheses that agrees in number with the collective noun. Now the doctrine that coercion and moral responsi- Shabo, S. (2011). The only reason to treat nuclear power differently from all other developments in the field of physics is the possibility of its use as a means of political pressure in peace and sudden destruction in war. ), Addiction vs. weakness of the will. Palmer, D. (2011). Instead, the role played by alternative possibilities in the twin world condition is more subjunctive, insofar as what is described is a possibility rather than an actuality. Describes a situation in which someone is morally responsible but is unable to do otherwise. Did Peter become the new captain\underline{\text{captain}}captain of the team? Pereboom, D. (2009). Give an example of where you have seen moment, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. It hardly needs stressing that we as scientists believe that any systems of control envisaged should leave as much freedom for the peacetime development of nucleonics as is consistent with the safety of the world. It is undoubtedly true that the discovery of flying, for example, has so far brought much more misery than enjoyment and profit to humanity. Fischer, J. M. (1994). Persons are 'wholhearted' when there are no conflicts in their wills and they are not ambivalent about what they want to do. It must be pointed out that in this field we are in a less favorable position than nations which are now more diffusely populated and either whose industries are more scattered, or whose governments have unlimited power over the movement of population and the location of industrial plants. One of these bombs could then destroy something like 3 square miles of an urban area. 6 B. We now consider the question of how an effective international control of nuclear armaments can be achieved. In the war to which such an armaments race is likely to lead, the United States, with its agglomeration of population and industry in comparatively few metropolitan districts, will be at a disadvantage compared to nations whose populations and industry are scattered over large areas. Germany, he argued, bore the main share of responsibility for the outbreak of the war. Frankfurth cases, alternate possibilities, and prior signs. I conclude by arguing that while neither PAP(s) nor the twin world condition is necessary for an ascription of moral responsibility, given that each nevertheless makes reference to alternate possibilities in some form or other (as yet to be discussed), what is necessary is that one of these condition is satisfied: for where both fail to be satisfied, one cannot hold the agent of action morally responsible. We do not need, therefore, to draw on any notion of a pre-decision flicker of freedom. Third parties promote the concerns of special-interest groups. Slider with three articles shown per slide. the four top leaders in Congress and the chief justice of the Supreme Court. "He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people.". There are natural limits, 3rd or 4th order desires. Request Permissions. Philosophical Explorations, 12(2), 109118. d) After a lengthy search, the starving castaways were thrilled to discover that the tiny island offered a plethora of .. We have to be careful, of course, about how such a description is formally presented. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, 13. If this race is inevitable, we have every reason to delay its beginning as long as possible in order to increase our head start still further. ), Philosophical perspectives, 14, Action and Freedom: A Supplement to Nos, (pp. Avoid the most common mistakes and prepare your manuscript for journal Once this is achieved, the large installations and the accumulation of explosive material at present earmarked for potential military use will become available for important peacetime developments, including power production, large engineering undertakings, and mass production of radioactive materials. Connect to Locke's argument about the prisoner. What would have to occur in order for the twin world condition not to be satisfied? In the latter case, alternative possibilities are used in a more hypothetical context to assess if S would have been affected by their availability to the point of selecting one of these options should they have been available. in 1952 and an LL.B. It was also a ploy, another deliberate affront to bourgeois sensibility which demanded art with meaning or that had some purpose such as to instruct, or delight, or to . Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their problem- The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. Responsibility and inevitability. In conclusion, I aim to have shown that by positioning the principle of alternate possibilities as a sufficient condition for the ascription of moral responsibility, rather than as necessary, PAP(s) amounts to as useful a maxim as PAP for determining moral accountability. Further thoughts about a Frankfurt-style argument. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 41(4), 505522. Also, we have arguably not yet made the progress toward seamless technological integration he had hoped for. Widerker, D. (1995). Unless an effective international control of nuclear explosives is instituted, a race for nuclear armaments is certain to ensue following the first revelation of our possession of nuclear weapons to the world. Despite such objections, educators have continued to find Pedagogy of the Oppressed relevant and to adapt its arguments to their contemporary context. It is 980 too many. With the convenience of modern transportation and future innovations to come, Wright asks why proximity to the city is important. Supporters of the bombings generally believe that they prevented an invasion of the Japanese mainland, saving more lives than they took by doing so. However, even though these countries may value human life less than the peoples of Western Europe and America, and even though Russia, in particular, has an immense space over which its vital industries could be dispersed and a government which can order this dispersion the day it is convinced that such a measure is necessary -- there is no doubt that Russia, too, will shudder at the possibility of a sudden, disintegration of Moscow and Leningrad, almost miraculously preserved in the present war, and of its new industrial cities in the Urals and Siberia. What I have argued is that there is nothing to be gained, in terms of moral instruction, by insisting on PAP as a necessary condition for moral accountability. The answer to this question was given above -- the compelling reason for creating this weapon with such speed was our fear that Germany had the technical skill necessary to develop such a weapon and that the German government had no moral restraints regarding its use. Thus, from the "optimistic" point of view -- looking forward to an international agreement on the prevention of nuclear warfare -- the military advantages and the saving of American lives achieved by the sudden use of atomic bombs against Japan may be outweighed by the ensuing loss of confidence and by a wave of horror and repulsion sweeping over the rest of the world and perhaps even dividing public opinion at home. Art for Art's Sake is basically a call for release from the tyranny of meaning and purpose. Blumenfeld, D. (1971). They would point out that the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear war would affect not only the warring nations but also the entire world. ), Free will (pp. Although important tactical results undoubtedly can be achieved by a sudden introduction of nuclear weapons, we nevertheless think that the question of the use of the very first available atomic bombs in the Japanese war should be weighed very carefully, not only by military authorities, but by the highest political leadership of this country. In short, where the conditions inherent within both PAP(s) and Frankfurts original PAP are met namely, clauses (a) and (b) then PAP(s), as a maxim for moral accountability, is as effective as PAP at ascribing moral responsibility. This argument is one of the most widespread and powerful still being debated in academic and intellectual circles today, and it is important to understand it. The Journal of Philosophy, 66(23), 829839. Part of Springer Nature. ProStarSolar > Blog Classic > Uncategorized > contemporaries who agreed with franck's argument. Rjwala is an educational platform, in which you get many information related to homework and studies. And that's the way . Likewise: Here, S should not be morally praised for E in W1 as we must conclude that some form of intervention has occurred thereby making Ss action in W1 incongruent with what he would have done in W2. As a sufficient condition for moral responsibility, the principle of alternate possibilities reads as follows: A person is morally responsible for what they have done if they could have done otherwise. By insisting on either of these conditions for the ascription of moral responsibility, we also preserve some role for alternate possibilities, thereby making it necessary that they feature in our moral decision making in some form or other. 231248). the secretaries (leaders) of the departments of the executive branch. Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility. Zagzebski, L. (2000). Can you cite any examples where R2P has been or should be implemented? What is Kane's "Indeterministic worlds" objection to the FF case? German scientists, in whose discoveries the whole development of this field originated, apparently did not develop it during the war to the same extent to which this has been done in America: but to the last day of the European war, we were living in constant apprehension as to their possible achievements. Young, G. The Principle of Alternate Possibilities as Sufficient but not Necessary for Moral Responsibility: A way to Avoid the Frankfurt Counter-Example. There is, however, a subtle but important distinction between PAP in its original formulation as a necessary condition and the manner in which the notion of alternate possibilities is presented within the twin world condition. Libertarianism and Frankfurts attack on the principle of alternative possibilities. Obviously believing his adversarys ideas to be impractical and beneficial only to the wealthy, Wright criticizes Le Corbusiers housing towers further, asserting [t]here is no life in them. Born in the Netherlands in 1909, Frederick Franck began his career as an oral surgeon before moving more seriously to his artist pursuits in the 1930s. (I focused on the second version). Unreflectively accepts leaders orders: he wants to want this. Atomic bombs containing a larger quantity of active material but still weighing less than one ton may be expected to be available within ten years which could destroy over ten square miles of a city. Pereboom on the Frankfurt cases. Le Corbusiers opinions of technology during his time continue to ring eerily true today. 24 The Empowered Self, at 265-267. There is only rent., Stating that Broadacre City is the only democratic form for a city due to its systematic integration of individual units, Wright embraces the existing highway system. A number of theorists have concerned themselves with the question of whether alternate possibilities nevertheless remain amounting to a flicker of freedom (Fischer 2002) and therefore whether Frankfurt-style counter-examples in general constitute a legitimate challenge to PAP (see Fischer 1994; Janzen 2013; Leon and Tognazzini 2010; Palmer 2011; Schnall 2001; Young 2007, by way of a small selection of papers on this). As for society and individual's relationship to it, Emerson believes that being an individual . We hope that the creation of the Committee by the Secretary of War to deal with all aspects of nucleonics, indicates that these implications have been recognized by the government. Why deck or double-deck or triple-deck the city streets at a cost of billions of dollars, only to invite increase and meet inevitable defeat? Wright asks of Le Corbusiers autostrades. 7388). In this we also provide trending questions which come out of recent recent exams. 23 Ibid, at 119. The principle of alternate possibilities and ought implies can.. The Convention held no fewer than 60 votes before the delegates agreed upon the Electoral College as the method of selecting the president. In 1906, Wendell T. Bush became associated with the Journal as co-editor. Jefferson's key arguments for independence consisted primarily of the Crown's imposition of taxes and trade restrictions onto the Colonies, but was quite clear about the issue not being the severity of the offense but much more in that the Crown had overstepped lines of mutual respect and consent, ie "No Taxation Without Representation." If this is the case, then we are in a position that is ultimately no different to the original formulation of PAP in which it is necessary that the subject could have done otherwise. Philosophia, 35, 171180. Underline each predicate nominative in the following sentences. What is it supposed to show, and why? What this means is that alternate possibilities are necessary in some form for the ascription of moral responsibility but not necessarily in the form by which one could have acted otherwise on a given occasion, as the original formulation of PAP demands. It must be stressed that if one takes the pessimistic point of view and discounts the possibility of an effective international control over nuclear weapons at the present time, then the advisability of an early use of nuclear bombs against Japan becomes even more doubtful -- quite independently of any humanitarian considerations. volume44,pages 961969 (2016)Cite this article. All images are each office/photographer mentioned. We felt, however, that the dilemma had to be stated, to show what kind of alternative method of protection will have to be considered if no successful international agreement is reached. Ethics, 101(2), 258278. Guest Review of Taipei, by Tao Lin. 95110). History doesn't matter then isnt the brainwasher really responsible? Jones is incapable of making a decision that differs from what Black wants him to decide, and subsequently is incapable of doing other than what Black wants him to do. All external conditions required to enable alternate possibilities are satisfied. Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier are both architects who were known for their grand and innovative ideasas well as for their high esteem for their own opinions. Fosse Dancers: The thrill of "Bob Fosse's Dancin'," a revival of the 1978 musical is, aptly, its dancers. Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. ), Philosophical perspectives, 14, Action and Freedom: A Supplement to Nos, (pp. PAP(s) and the twin world condition are therefore both sufficient to ascribe moral responsibility to Jones or S or whoever, but PAP(s) is not necessary because moral responsibility could still be attributed to the subject where PAP(s) fails to be satisfied but (and therefore because) the twin world condition is satisfied. Why is the prisoner example ultimately not convincing?, Principle of . The Federalist was originally planned to be a series of essays for publication in New York City newspapers, but ultimately expanded into a collection of 85 essays, which were published as two volumes in March and May 1788. Such a limitation would have the drawback of making impossible also the development of nuclear power for peacetime purposes. Certainly, the could have done otherwise clause is indicative of one role for alternate possibilities (perhaps the most obvious): namely, making available other options at a given time. If it does become clear that Jones is going to decide to do something else, Black takes effective steps to ensure that Jones decides to do, and that he does do, what he wants him to do. Correspondence to He may have also been fueled by heroic amounts of . Charles Yu is the author of How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe, which was named one of the best books of the year by Time magazine. The legitimacy of Frankfurts challenge to PAP as necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility has been debated extensively over the years. I therefore seek to distinguish between alternative possibilities in the form of the alleged necessity of being able to do otherwise on a given occasion, which S cannot satisfy in Frankfurt-style scenarios, and which I do not consider to be necessary for the ascription of moral responsibility (although, to reiterate, I accept it is sufficient), and the role played by alternative possibilities in the twin world condition. . Frankfurt-style examples, responsibility and semi-compatibilism. Current technology, in fact, seems to be moving away from the standardization Le Corbusier hoped for and closer to the personalization and customization championed by Wright in his article. By way of a response, consider the following: Where Ss action E in world W1 (a world without alternate possibilities, owing to the possibility of intervention) and Ss action E in twin world W2 (which differs from W1 only insofar as it is a world with alternate possibilities) are congruent then S in either world is morally responsible for E. To illustrate how one might apply the twin world condition, consider scenarios (1) and (2): W1 (No alternate possibilities): S does E (an immoral act), W2 (alternate possibilities are available): S does E (an immoral act), W1 (No alternate possibilities): S does E (a moral act), W2 (alternate possibilities are available): S does E (a moral act). Where S is coerced into doing E, for example, we would not want to say that S is morally responsible, especially where the coercion is such that it eliminates all morally acceptable alternatives. All present plans for the organization of research, scientific and industrial development, and publication in the field of nucleonics are conditioned by the political and military climate in which one expects those plans to be carried out. The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan might provoke the Soviet Union into becoming Japan's ally. Debate has centred on whether the sign, which is not an indication of a decision, but an indication of what Jones is about to decide, nevertheless amounts to evidence that, on the occasion when the sign was present, an alternate possibility was available to Jones. Putting all of this together, we can now see how each sufficient condition contains a different form of, and therefore a different role for, alternate possibilities. This protection can come only from the political organization of the world. answer choices. The power lines damagedbythestorm\underline{\text{damaged by the storm}}damagedbythestorm needed repairs. What if cult-man is brainwashed? Where S engages in action E, if (a) and (b) are satisfied then S is morally responsible for E. Stating this does not negate the possibility that S could still be held morally responsible for E, however, even where (a) and/or (b) fail to be satisfied, should another sufficient condition (as yet unspecified) be met. Where neither is satisfied then S is not morally responsible for performing E. Frankfurt-style scenarios illustrate the condition under which PAP(s) is not satisfied. We have large accumulations of poison gas, but do not use them, and recent polls have shown that public opinion in this country would disapprove of such a use even if it would accelerate the winning of the Far Eastern war. Philosophical Studies, 166, 553573. Modified Frankfurt-type counterexamples and flickers of freedom. Given that Jones (in a typical Frankfurt-style scenario) has no alternate possibilities available to him, and therefore could not have done other than he did, how might one formulate the condition under which we would be justified in attributing moral responsibility to him? Explain why the objections doesn't seem to work. Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, killing nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs. Rjwala is your freely social learning platform. Whether this would have been the case is evidenced by the congruence (or lack thereof) between E in W1 and W2. We therefore feel it is our duty to urge that the political problems, arising from the mastering of nuclear power, be recognized in all their gravity, and that appropriate steps be taken for their study and the preparation of necessary decisions. June 14, 2022 . 21 Fairness, at 110. The presidents cabinet consists of Philosophia 44, 961969 (2016). Schnall, I. M. (2001). To explain: despite being unable to do otherwise (and so failing to satisfy PAP(s)), if Jones (or S or whoever) is still said to be morally responsibly in virtue of his actions congruence with what his action would have been in a world with alternate possibilities (namely, W2) then this means that we are still reliant on alternate possibilities in some form to justify our moral pronouncements. Therefore, an international agreement is necessary to ensure that nuclear weapons are only used for deterrence purposes and never deployed in a conflict. It could be suggested that the danger of destruction by nuclear weapons can be avoided -- at least as far as this country is concerned -- either by keeping our discoveries secret for an indefinite time, or else by developing our nuclear armaments at such a pace that no other nations would think of attacking us from fear of overwhelming retaliation. His dreams of a certain amount of land for each person have been realized to a point in American suburbs, but many of these bedroom communities lack the amenities on which Wright would have insisted. Furthermore one may suggest that other nations are now, or will soon be, not entirely unaware of our present achievements, and that consequently the postponement of a demonstration may serve no useful purpose as far as the avoidance of an armaments race is concerned, and may only create additional mistrust, thus worsening rather than improving the chances of an ultimate accord on the international control of nuclear explosives. In other words, there is nothing to be lost in terms of our commitment to understanding the conditions for moral accountability by treating PAP as a sufficient condition, but much to be gained: for not only is PAP(s) impervious to Frankfurt-style counter-examples (as noted) but, perhaps more importantly, it opens up debate on what other factors are likewise sufficient for moral responsibility as the Frankfurt-style scenarios seem to indicate and which, if any, is necessary. 20) Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? The superego operates both unconsciously and . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in [18] Why, according to Kane, does this example fail to show what Dennett thinks it shows? It requires study by statesmen and international lawyers, and we can offer only some preliminary suggestions for such a study. b) In 1906, Wendell T. Bush became associated with the Journal as co-editor. Where S in W1 engages in the same action (E) as S in W2 then this is sufficient to ascribe moral responsibility to S in either world.Footnote 3In short, we have available to us the means of ascribing moral responsibility even where S could not have done otherwise.
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