806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. Spain and France were the major European powers. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. The attack was a success. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. . France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. Spanish invasion plans. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Become a Member | Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. 214 High Street, (*fragmentary*). The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Boston Spa, In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. They began to revolt against the Spanish. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. - send 2000 to rebels. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Save. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. Boston Spa, Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. - Leith blockade. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. LS23 6AD To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. Boston Spa, Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. 1. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. VAT reg no 816865400. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. - rebelling of scottish lords. LS23 6AD Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. 14-16 / In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Died: 24 March 1603. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. Student / Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Topic guides / "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. he could also overthrow her. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. . Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. By 1568 most people had accepted. This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. She was a Protestant. 214 High Street, English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. This increased tension between England and Spain. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Roman Catholics . As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . The war was going badly for England. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. One was debt. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Company Reg no: 04489574. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Norfolk was killed in 1572. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. Doodle's Point of View Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Born: 7 September 1533. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria.
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