It has a high global . A great commotion animates the people on the bridge. Hangzhou residents' average age is 38.77 years. They are hot baths, and the people take great delight in them, frequenting them several times a month, for they are very cleanly in their persons. The outer walls, comer pillars, doors, windows and bracket supports are all composed of glazed bricks of various colors. The present pagoda has doors on four sides, but people can approach the pagoda only by the steps on the north side. *** [Images: Kaifeng, pagode de fer (Kaifeng Iron Pagoda), Jacques-Edouard Berger Foundation: World Art Treasures Slide Library, has many detailed images of the Kaifeng Iron Pagoda., Rainbow bridges, such as the one that occupies the dramatic center of the Beijing Qingming scroll, are so called because of the way in which the bridge arches, resembling a rainbow. Here we find pearl, jade, talismans exotic plants and fruits, seasonal catches from the sea, wild game all the rarities of the world seem to be gathered here. ***, One can get a mental taste of foods then looking at the first two recipes below. Liu Jie, Member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Zhejiang Provincial Committee, Secretary of the CPC Hangzhou Municipal Committee. - Climate: Zhejiang has four distinct seasons, abundant rainfall, and humid air. Some had housing for prostitutes next door when more men were eating away from home. Significance: Led an uprising against Chinese occupation in 39 C.E. Prostitutes lured customers by singing and dancing, and the alleys were lined with fortune-tellers and street musicians. Book: Recollections of the Northern Song Capital, in Hawaii Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture, translated by Stephen West, edited by Victor H. Mair, Nancy S. Steinhardt, and Paul R. Goldin (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2005), 405-422. The structure of the main building of the mosque is heavily influenced by traditional Chinese architecture whilst at the same time retaining traditional Islamic features. In 1235 it was recorded to have a 1 million person population while being filled with markets, restaurants, and inns. In the famous bridge scene the crew of an oncoming boat have not yet fully lowered sails of their boat and are in danger of crashing into the bridge. Jacqueline M. Newman wrote in Food in History: On the educational front, Emperor Song Taizu, whose earlier moniker was Zhao Kuangyin, encouraged printing. Intellectual pursuits being so popular during the Song Dynasty, brush wash vessels were naturally fashionable items at the time, not only a practical writing implement but also a work of art for appreciation. Among the list of large Chinese cities here, Changzhou is probably the one you're least likely to have heard of (so far). 6. 1195 from Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, edited by Patricia Buckley Ebrey, 2nd ed. These vessels are usually placed by the ink stone and are a necessary piece of desk stationery. Hangzhou's population increases as well as its regional power, serves as the capital for the Wuyue kingdom in the late tenth century. 1195) offers advice for family heads. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit. About 500 million of them are aged between 20 to 39. Others were a mite longer such as A Chef's Manual, or the Imperial Food List. Hangzhou became a distribution centre for many types of wares, with merchants from Fujian and Guangdong importing exotic goods to the city including spices from South East Asia. Instead, Madame Wu's book offered instructions such as 'bake on top of the stove' or 'drip oil over them' or 'cook until very soft.' The government of Hangzhou, a tech hub in east China . There are crop fields and unhurried rural folkpredominately farmers, goatherds, and pig herdersin bucolic scenery. By 1100, the population reached 100 million. 4 Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; 5 . It was described by Italian traveler Marco Polo as the finest and most luxurious city in the world. For example, the number of autopsies conducted between 1990 and 1999 in Hangzhou (population 6 million), was only 102, which translates into an average of only 10 per year. Then there are the shambles where the larger animals are slaughtered, such as calves, beeves, kids, and lambs, the flesh of which is eaten by the rich and the great dignitaries. Budget. He wrote: Some wives with stupid husbands are able to manage the familys finances, calculating the outlays and receipts of money and grain, without being cheated by anyone. In a span of 10 years, hospitals in Hangzhou have had only between 1 and 3 autopsies, or even less. [Source: Marco Polo and Rustichello of Pisa, Book Second, Part III, Chapter LXXVI: Description of the Great City of Kinsay, Which Is the Capital of the Whole Country of Manzi and Book Second, Part III, Chapter LXXVII: Further Particulars Concerning the Great City of Kinsay, in The Book of Ser Marco Polo: The Venetian Concerning Kingdoms and Marvels of the East, translated and edited by Colonel Sir Henry Yule, Volume 2 (London: John Murray, 1903). The first stage, from 1949 to 1957, is a period when the lake-city combined urban form was finalized in Hangzhou. heat shock protein) showed higher expression in the Hangzhou population under control condition, suggesting Their fish is of sundry kinds, changing with the season; and, owing to the impurities of the city which pass into the lake, it is remarkably fat and savoury. Some had rooms within for guests to bed down before making their long journey home. In the theater houses and in the teahouses it was possible to see mimes, dance spectacles, acrobatics, circuses with animals, and magic shows. It is ideally situated to control trade on an important river. [Source: National Palace Museum, Taipei \=/ ], National Palace Museum, Taipei description of a jade water dish in the shape of a lotus leaf with turtle dcor, Southern Song to Yuan dynasties: The texture of this water dish vessel is clear and transparent, and an entire piece of jade is used to carve out a large lotus leaf and the small lotus leaf by it. The wall we see in the scroll had no military purpose, but its gate still formed an impressive entrance into the city. Even among those whose husbands have died and whose sons are young, there are occasionally women able to raise and educate their sons, keep the affection of all their relatives, manage the family business, and even prosper. [Source: Patricia Buckley Ebrey, University of Washington, depts.washington.edu/chinaciv /=], When women appear in official records in China, very little about their everyday lives, habits, and appearance is mentioned, so the abundance of paintings of women that lived during the Song and Yuan dynasties is of special interest to historians. This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Such women could entrust their finances to their husbands kinsmen or their own kinsmen, but not all relatives are honorable, and the honorable ones are not necessarily willing to look after other peoples business. Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang province in East China. Were it not for this pavement you could not do so, for the country is very low and flat, and after rain tis deep in mire and water. Situated at the southern end of the Grand Canal about 175 kilometers from present-day Shanghai, Hangzhou was a natural center for trade. . According to Columbia Universitys Asia for Educators: In Confucian teaching, the family is the most basic unit of society. A railway network connects Hangzhou to Shanghai and Ningbo, as well as to Xuanzhou in Anhui province (northwest) and Nanchang in Jiangxi province (southwest). Of those with degenerate husbands, there are also some who are able to manage the finances with the help of their sons without ending in bankruptcy. For example, one popular one was just a few pages. 1) The Chinese, we know, are rice eaters and tea drinkers; but most Chinese in the Tang and before ate wheat and millet and drank wine, in that respect looking perhaps more Western than Eastern; rice and tea became dominant food and drink in the Song. The Song government not only distributed alms, but operated public clinics, old age homes, and paupers graveyards. In 1841 the Yellow River overflowed and the city of Kaifeng was flooded. Along the walls, mulberry trees can be planted for the breeding of silkworms. Liangzhu Culture, which dates from about 4,700 years ago, was part of the vital cultural life existing in the Tiahu Lake drainage area, in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. 388), The capital of Song China, which became the most commercialized city in the world. They were now able to eat three meals a day, and large numbers of people did. Today the town's population is around 10% of that. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. A portion of Hangzhou's affluent middle class flocked to Tianducheng, wide eyed and with the hopes that its popularity would take off. A Sui dynasty emperor who reigned under reunified China from 581-604 and supported the foreign religion of Buddhism. 1127 - Song Dynasty capital relocated to Hongzhou from Kaifeng after the Jingkang Incident of the Jin-Song wars. Along the River During the Qingming Festival (also known as Up the River During Qingming and The Spring Festival Along the River) is a painting by the Song dynasty artist Zhang Zeduan (10851145). [Source: Dr. Jukka O. Miettinen, Asian Traditional Theater and Dance website, Theater Academy Helsinki **], According to the National Palace Museum, Taipei: When taking tea, the Song people would customarily crush the tea cakes into tiny tea powder, place the powder in the tea bowl and add water; after some stirring the tea would be ready for drinking. 3 (Cambridge University Press); "The Culture and Civilization of China", a massive, multi-volume series, (Yale University Press); "Chronicle of the Chinese Emperor" by Ann Paludan; Housing, Clothing, Cooking, from Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion 1250-1276" by Jacques Gernet (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1962. Significance: He issued the Seventeen Article Constitution proclaiming that the Japanese ruler was a Chinese-style emperor that encouraged Buddhism and Confucianism. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. She wrote poetry in a new form that had become popular at the time, with irregular lines that were inspired by musical lyrics. Photographs of worms were taken using an optical microscope (Nikon Eclipse Ci, Japan) with a Canon EOS 850D camera (Canon Inc., Japan), and were analyzed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, USA) by selecting a region of interest. He liked them and said that these unusual foods were served to the Crown Prince. 2) Pickled Shrimp: Use large shrimp and remove their tails and tiny legs. In 2021, around 101.7 million people were living in Shandong province in China. The profile illustrates the city's historical urban forms and master plans. In the tenth month, when the harvest is done and the years work finished, you can rest as compensation for your labor of plowing and sowing in the spring. 393) -1, Xi Story: Preserving the beauty of West Lake, Hangzhou summit sees nation moving to common prosperity, Viewing the city at one meter: Hangzhou steps up child-friendly city construction, Hangzhou Asian Games keeps sportsmanship alive, Official English Website of Zhejiang Province. The crowds on the bridge and along the riverside are shouting and gesturing toward the boat. SONG DYNASTY ART, PAINTING AND CALLIGRAPHY SONG DYNASTY factsanddetails.com; LANDSCAPE, ANIMAL, RELIGIOUS AND FIGURE PAINTING factsanddetails.com; It was considered essential that everyone marry, so that family lines would continue and male heirs make offerings of food and drink to their deceased ancestors. That is almost 90 percent of the province's population. Messer Marco Polo said that he once beheld at that city 15,000 vessels at one time. It is estimated that Hangzhou will have a permanent population of about 15 million by 2035 and the city will improve its public facilities for a maximum of 20 million residents. [3] 1277 - Hangzhou Salt Distribution Commission established. Of the more than 490,000 pieces that were discovered on the Cirebon, Chinese porcelain accounted for 75% (~367,000 pieces), with 300,000 of those celadon pieces coming from the Yue Kiln. [5] Among the 338,000 new residents, the net inflow population accounted for more than 300,000, suggesting . The Forbidden City in Beijing. Unlike previous capitals, such as the Tang dynastys Changan, the Song capitals did not have walled wards. \=/, The spaces separated by the eight sides of the cup also depict in turn the examination results notice, the messenger, climbing the long ladder, climbing the cinnamon branches, and riding a horse across town all scenes from the song. Water dish vessels are used by the literati to hold water for dampening or washing of writing brushes. If the Guangzhou Agglomeration were a country, it would be the 23rd most populous in the world, following the United Kingdom and France! Caravanserai along the Silk Roads in the North of the Indian Subcontinent, The Exchange of Silk, Cotton and Woollen Goods, and their Association with Different Modes of Living along the Silk Roads, The Evolving Role of Merchants along the Land Routes of the Silk Roads, Traditional Strategy Games along the Silk Roads - Chess, The Butuan Archaeological Sites and the Role of the Philippines in the Maritime Silk Roads, The Exchange of Spices along the Silk Roads, The Maritime Silk Roads and the Diffusion of Islam in the Korean Peninsula, The Exchange of Technical Knowledge used to Craft Silk Roads Goods, Silk Roads exchange and the Development of the Medical Sciences, Silk Roads Exchanges in Chinese Gastronomy, Mathematical Sciences along the Silk Roads, The Role of Women in Central Asian Nomadic Society, Ancient Trading Centres in the Malay Peninsula, UNESCO applies a zero tolerance policy against all forms of harassment, Building peace in the minds of men and women, In addition, porcelain and tea were also exported from Hangzhou along the maritime Silk Roads. In many cases, the artists' sensitive treatment of personality and character, as well as careful attention to, say, the material distinctions between fine, elegant robes and the coarse textures of peasants' everyday clothing, gives useful data about how social class and status were expressed visually and the dynamics of social interactions.Paintings of children were popular at court and became a specialty of a handful of artists. (Strayer pg. And there are in it twelve thousand bridges of stone, for the most part so lofty that a great fleet could pass beneath them. Silver and gold wine-drinking vessels were important to the Southern Song people, whether in large banquets or just a couple of friends having a drink. 1) Shortbread: Mix four ounces butter, one ounce of honey, and a pound of flour. First and foremost, then, [the city of Kinsay is] so great that it hath an hundred miles of compass. So also parallel to this great street, but at the back of the market places, there runs a very large canal, on the bank of which towards the squares are built great houses of stone, in which the merchants from India and other foreign parts store their wares, to be handy for the markets. Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. On the inner base of this silver cup is etched the lyrics to "Ta Sha Xing", which mentioned that being awarded top position in an imperial examination is like climbing a long ladder or a magical cinnamon tree, taking one right to the clouds; not only would one gain the admiration of others, one might also win an excellent marriage. During the Yuan Dynasty, Italian merchant, traveller and writer Marco Polo visited Hangzhou describing the city as "beyond dispute the finest and the noblest in the worldThe number and wealth of the merchants, and the amount of goods that passed through their hands, was so enormous that no man could form a just estimate thereof." /, Those markets make a daily display of every kind of vegetables and fruits; and among the latter there are in particular certain pears of enormous size, weighing as much as ten pounds apiece, and the pulp of which is white and fragrant like a confection; besides peaches in their season both yellow and white, of every delicate flavour. [4] 1621 - Huanduzhai publishing house in business. At center of each lotus leaf stands a turtle, gazing at each other. 1950 196,000. 2022 Population. The silver cup is gold-plated, the combination of silver and gold giving the impression of extravagance. Women and children in particular became a focus for several academy artists who specialized in these genres. Discover the 15 Most Populated Cities in China In 2019, the city's GDP reached 222.85 billion US dollars, with a permanent population of 10.36 million. Tea use increased in popularity and soon surpassed the consumption of alcoholic beverages. 2) Chinas population, we know, is huge, and tends to explode; its first explosion occurred in the Song. Song Dynasty silver chopsticks, cup and spoon, Jacqueline M. Newman wrote in Food in History: Reliance on rice increased during the Song Dynasty. Hangzhou is also home to Phoenix Mosque one of the four great mosques of China, its origins dating back to the Tang (618-907 CE) or Song (960-1279 CE) dynasties. It is one of the most important tourist cities in China, famous for its natural beauty and historical and cultural heritage. It is located on the southern edge of the Sahara, about 8 miles (13 km) north of the Niger River. Some cities such as Hangzhou and Kaifeng set up special areas for the sale and distribution of these and other foods. Population density-wise Hangzhou is a fairly small city; it has population of about 8 million in over 16,000 sq. A census taken in 1086 recorded 108 million people, more than four times the number of people in all of Europe. That Hangzhou had a large population A That Hangzhou had a large population When it comes to population, Hangzhou is China's eleventh-largest city, ahead of Shenyang and Suzhou. Hangzhou Urban Area Population History. Water transport, however, has always been far cheaper than going over land. These, too, eventually, went out of fashion. As in previous dynasties, the Songs largest cities were its capitals first Kaifeng in the North, then Hangzhou in the South. Patricia Buckley Ebrey of the University of Washington wrote: In Song times, domestic life became an increasingly frequent subject not only for poetry and drama but for paintings as well. Hangzhou is about 170 kilometers (105 miles) from Shanghai. Hangzhou is a city famous for its history and culture, and the city is over 2,000 years old. The emperors solidified the unity with a vast extension of the country's canal system. One of China's biggest cities, Hangzhou is around 6,505 mi (16,847 km) large. Hangzhou One of China's most enduringly popular holiday spots, Hngzhu's () dreamy West Lake panoramas and fabulously green hills can easily tempt you into long sojourns. It is a famous city in history and culture and also an important national tourist city with the beautiful scenery. The Hangzhou statistics bureau on May 17 released the results of the seventh census by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2020, local media outlets reported. Developers are "no longer buying up big parcels of land anywhere in the country", says Xiao . Hangzhou has grown by 66,541 in the last year, which represents a 0.69% annual change. Pour it over the shrimp. HANGZHOU, China, May 21 (Reuters) - Signs that China's reforms may be paying off have sprung up in the eastern coastal city of Hangzhou, where a booming high-tech and software sector has fired. 1951 205,000 1235-51. doi: 10.1007/s10495-013-0873-z. 382-383) At that time, 21 million people lived within the Hangzhou Metropolitan Area, making it China's fourth-largest metropolitan area. Hangzhou, the capital of the wealthy province of Zhejiang, said it will provide 330,000 units of affordable rental homes in 2021-2025, showed a plan . Hangzhou Transport Subway Airport Changsha Huanghua International Airport 26.1 km Ningbo 131.3 km Hangzhou Nearby The Southern Song connoisseur did not seek conspicuous exaggeration; rather he appreciated sudden realization, after attentive contemplation, of subtle beauty that was in the details. Questions or comments, e-mail ajhays98@yahoo.com. The metro area population of Hangzhou in 2020 was 7,642,000, a 2.74% increase from 2019. Its population probably already exceeded that of all of Europe, as it has in more recent centuries. The Chinese dynasty that China regained its unity under. (Strayer, pp. For each pound use five mace and salt and let them stand half a day (covered and in the refrigerator). The river is packed with fishing boats and passenger-carrying ferries, with men at the river bank, pulling the larger ships. Hundreds of pedestrians jostle each other on the streets, camels carry merchandise in from the Silk Road, and teahouses and restaurants do a thriving business. Phone: +44 (0) 1235 861 483 This time it was built of fire-resistant glazed bricks that remain today. [Source: China.org ***], The thirteen-storey brick structure, modeled after wooden counterparts, is 54.66 meters high. Restaurants, more and more, used all parts of the pig, lamb, sheep, cows, and goats. Marco Polo reported that it had a population of 1.5 million people, 15 times more than his native Venice and had ten marketplaces, each half a mile long, where 40,000 to 50,000 people would go to shop on any given day, and 10,000 bridges (a later traveler could only find 347). It's about an hour's journey by train from Shanghai. It depended on a combination of commercialization, urbanization, and industrialization that has led some authorities to compare this period in Chinese history with the development of early modern Europe six centuries later. [Source: Philip D. Curtin, In Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)]. The great world cities in the year 1000 were Constantinople, Bagdad, Cordoba in Spain, Angkor Wat in Indochina, Tolln in Mexico, and Changngan and Kaifeng in China. Mountains divide warm . As jade was scarce, miniature carvings made of smallest available pieces as thin as fingertips exhibited marvelous form and innate essence. The Song people had developed the practice of "tea competitions", and the coloring and foam appearing after stirring of the tea were both important criteria considered by the judges. Within the painting are 814 humans (of whom only 20 are women), 28 boats, 60 animals, 30 buildings, 20 vehicles, 8 sedan chairs, and 170 trees. This book is in the public domain and can be read online at Project Gutenberg. On the 1st, 5th, and 9th day of adulthood, the worms of the vehicle or sample group were picked and placed on blank NGM plates. /, You must know also that the city of Kinsay has some 3000 baths, the water of which is supplied by springs. Under-represented in official written records, the lives and customs of people of all classes, were depicted in great detail in the visual arts. Preliminary data released. Black glaze on tea bowls set off the white tea particularly well, and for this reason these tea bowls became extremely popular during the Song Dynasty. In AD 508, a king named Clovis established the city as his capital and named it after the Celtic tribe. They decreed that five mu of land should be set aside for housing, out of which two and a half mu were for a cottage erected in the center of the fields. Many economic activities, such as people loading cargoes onto the boat, shops, and even a tax office, can be seen in this area. Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang Province, is the provincial center in Economy, Culture, Science and Education. The city population of Hangzhou is 1212800 The urban area population of Hangzhou is Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. \=/. Also growing in popularity, though less so, was red and black rices; these were grown locally. This so-called lake-city combined urban form started in the late Qing Dynasty, when the city wall was destroyed and a series of initial modernization efforts were implemented, such as the New Market Plan, West Lake Ring Road, and West Lake Expo (Fu 2016). The metro area population of Hangzhou in 2021 was 7,846,000, a 2.67% increase from 2020. To combat fire in the city, the government stationed 2,000 soldiers at 14 fire stations within the city and more outside it. The Song Dynasty was a very prosperous period in the history of the development of traditional porcelain crafts and the official kiln had a very high level of craftsmanship. When the ninth month has come, transform the vegetable garden into a harvest processing area. +, Outside the city proper there are businesses of all kinds, selling wine, grain, secondhand goods, cookware, bows and arrows, lanterns, musical instruments, gold and silver, ornaments, dyed fabrics, paintings, medicine, needles, and artifacts, as well as many restaurants. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects. (a) What do the men believe is creating the awful smell? Hangzhou Office Admin Office Suite 1201 , Sino Ocean, No. [Source: National Geographic, Asia for Educators, Columbia University, Consultants Patricia Ebrey and Conrad Schirokauer afe.easia.columbia.edu/song ], According to Marco Polo: When you have left the city of Changan and have travelled for three days through a splendid country, passing a number of towns and villages, you arrive at the most noble city of Kinsay [Hangzhou], a name which is as much as to say in our tongue The City of Heaven, as I told you before. It was called Menu of Delectables. SONG DYNASTY (960-1279) ADVANCES factsanddetails.com; Hangzhou and Shenzhen are two major Chinese cities in terms of economy, population and transportation. Hangzhou's 2023 population is now estimated at, Hangzhou has grown by 66,541 in the last year, which represents a, These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the. [Source: Wikipedia +], The countryside and the densely populated city are the two main sections in the picture, with the river meandering through the entire length. Camels carried goods from Inner Asia or further west across large desserts. Children were highly valued in the Chinese family system. Opening to Outside World. Protect your health and get speedy access to treatment for expats in Hangzhou. Guangzhou Office Admin OfficeSuite 2901, Zhu Jiang International Building , No.112,Yue Hua Road , Guangzhou, 510030, PR China. [Source: Jacqueline M. Newman, Food in History Fall Volume: 2008 Issue: 15(3) page(s): 20 and 21 ***], Dr. Jukka O. Miettinen of the Theater Academy Helsinki wrote: In both Song period capitals, in northern Kaifeng and in southern Hangzhou, there were large entertainment or red light districts (wazi, wa-tz) offering any kinds of amusements. Choose the best health insurance cover. Although they were expected to learn to be filial, they were also indulged. The Venetian merchant Marco Polo supposedly visited Hangzhou in the late 13th century. [Source: Asia for Educators, Columbia University, Primary Sources with DBQs, afe.easia.columbia.edu ], Many ways of living and acting that Westerners now see as most thoroughly Chinese, or even characteristically East Asian, did not appear before the Song. Now move the whole family, both old and new, back to the house. Located at the southern wing of the Yangtze River Delta, the west end of Hangzhou Bay, the lower reaches of Qiantang River and the southern end of the Grand Canal (Beijing-Hangzhou), it is one of the most important central cities in the southern wing of the Yangtze River [learn more]. Source: Wikipedia, 2022. How long any of these were prepared and/or cooked or how they should look when done, he mentioned not. It is a famous city in history and culture and also an important national tourist city with the beautiful scenery. Hangzhou (; Hngzhu) [1] is in Zhejiang Province, China. Restaurants: Most restaurants here are operated by people from the old capital, like the lamb rice shops which also serve wine. Even though people from Zhejiang make up about 5% of China's population, the region produces about 15% of the country's . See the fact file below for more information on Hangzhou or . National Palace Museum, Taipei description of a silver-gilt cup and saucer with a story scene, Southern Song dynasty, 1127-1279 Excavated from the cache of Gu County, collection of Shaowu Museum, Fujian: This octagonal cup has a matching tray. List of cities in China by population. IMI Hong Kong . Local industry flourished and worship of Taoism and Buddhism peaked. The vendors (and in the Qing revision, the shops themselves) extend all along the great bridge, called the Rainbow Bridge.
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